Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because neomycin, an antibiotic, is given as a bowel prep before GI surgery to reduce intestinal bacteria. This helps decrease the risk of postoperative infections by lowering the bacterial load in the intestine, which could potentially contaminate the surgical site.
Choice B is incorrect because bacteria can be temporarily reduced with antibiotics before surgery.
Choice C is incorrect because the timing of antibiotic therapy before surgery may vary depending on the specific surgical procedure.
Choice D is incorrect as anesthesia does not make the bowel resistant to antibiotics post-surgery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolones have been associated with cartilage toxicity and rupture of the Achilles tendon due to their mechanism of action, which can interfere with collagen synthesis. This can lead to tendon weakness and increased risk of rupture. Aminoglycosides (
B) are known for causing nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, not tendon issues. Penicillins (
C) target bacterial cell walls and do not have a direct effect on tendons. Sulfonamides (
D) are associated with allergic reactions and not tendon toxicity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acquired resistance (
Choice
D) refers to a situation where a microbe develops the ability to resist the effects of a drug after being exposed to the drug during treatment. This process occurs due to genetic mutations in the microbe that enable it to survive and multiply despite the drug's presence. This is a critical concept in the field of microbiology and antibiotic resistance.


Choices A, B, and C do not accurately define acquired resistance.
Choice A refers to an antibacterial substance, not acquired resistance.
Choice B refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease, not resistance to drugs.
Choice C refers to the severity of a disease, not the development of resistance.
Therefore,

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of acquired resistance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Are you having any difficulty breathing? This question is crucial because difficulty breathing could indicate a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. Symptoms like rash and pruritus are common signs of an allergic reaction to antibiotics, but difficulty breathing is a red flag for a more serious reaction that requires immediate medical intervention. Asking about blood in stool (
A), hearing difficulty (
B), or headache (
C) may not be as urgent in this context as they are not indicative of a potentially life-threatening situation like difficulty breathing.
Therefore, assessing Mr. Carter for breathing difficulties is the most important question to ask to determine the severity of his allergic reaction and provide appropriate care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The patient stops taking the drug when he or she begins to feel better. This behavior can lead to incomplete eradication of the infection, allowing remaining microbes to repopulate and re-establish the infection. When a patient stops taking the drug prematurely, it can result in the survival of drug-resistant microbes, leading to treatment failure. Other choices are incorrect because:
A) Using OTC drugs prophylactically may prevent infections, not cause them to re-establish.
C) Switching to multiple drug therapy can be effective in treating certain infections and prevent resistance.
D) Increasing the drug dosage when the therapeutic effect slows down may be necessary for some conditions and not necessarily lead to repopulation of microbes.