Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ridged abdomen - This finding is not typically associated with Hirschsprung disease. Instead, the abdomen may appear distended or bloated due to the accumulation of stool in the colon. Ribbonlike, foul-smelling stools - This is a characteristic finding in Hirschsprung disease. Because the affected portion of the colon lacks nerve cells (ganglion cells) responsible for peristalsis, stool movement is impaired, leading to the passage of narrow, ribbonlike stools. These stools may also have a foul odor due to bacterial overgrowth in the affected area. Projectile vomiting - Projectile vomiting is not a common finding in Hirschsprung disease. It is more commonly associated with conditions such as pyloric stenosis or gastroesophageal reflux. Chronic hunger - Chronic hunger is not a typical finding in Hirschsprung disease. Instead, affected infants may experience feeding difficulties, constipation, and failure to thrive due to the obstruction of stool in the colon. They may also exhibit symptoms such as abdominal distention, vomiting, and refusal to feed.

Correct Answer: A,B,E

Rationale: A. Hematuria: Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is a common finding in urinary tract infections (UTIs). It occurs due to irritation and inflammation of the urinary tract lining, causing small blood vessels to leak blood into the urine. B. Urinary frequency: Urinary frequency, or the need to urinate more often than usual, is a classic symptom of a UTI. It occurs because the infection irritates the bladder lining, leading to a frequent urge to urinate even when the bladder is not full. C. Polyuria: Polyuria, or excessive urination, is not typically associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Instead, UTIs usually cause urinary frequency without necessarily increasing the total volume of urine produced (polyuria). D. Dependent edema: Dependent edema, or swelling in the lower extremities due to fluid accumulation, is not a typical finding in urinary tract infections. UTIs primarily affect the urinary system and do not typically cause system

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Move the child into a side-lying position: This action is crucial during a seizure with vomiting to prevent aspiration. Placing the child on their side helps ensure that any vomit can easily exit the mouth and reduces the risk of choking or aspiration into the lungs. Place a pillow under the child's head: While providing comfort is important, it is not the priority during a seizure with vomiting. Placing a pillow under the child's head might elevate the head slightly, but it doesn't address the risk of aspiration, which is the primary concern. Time the seizure: Timing the seizure is important for documentation and to monitor the duration of the seizure. However, it is not the priority during the active phase of the seizure, especially when vomiting is occurring. Remove the child's eyeglasses: Removing the child's eyeglasses is not a priority during a seizure with vomiting. While it's important to prevent injury, particularly to the eyes, during a seizure, the immediate concern is addressing the risk of aspiration caused by vomiting.

Correct Answer: C,

Rationale: A. Place a tongue depressor in the child's mouth: This is an incorrect action. Placing a tongue depressor or any other object in the child's mouth during a seizure can cause injury to the child's mouth, teeth, or airway. It may also increase the risk of choking. It's a common misconception that people can swallow their tongues during a seizure, but this is not true. It's important to keep the child's mouth clear of objects and allow the seizure to run its course. B. Restrain the child: This is also an incorrect action. Restraint can cause further injury to the child and increase agitation, which may worsen the seizure. It's important to allow the child to move freely during a seizure while taking steps to ensure their safety, such as clearing the area of objects and protecting the head from injury. C. Clear the area of hard objects: This is a correct action. Removing hard objects from the area helps prevent injury to the child during a seizure. Objects such as furniture corners or sharp items can pose a risk if the child thrashes or moves unpredictably during the seizure. D. Loosen restrictive clothing: This is also a correct action. During a seizure, it's important to ensure that the child's clothing is not too tight or restrictive. Loosening clothing, especially around the neck and chest area, helps ensure adequate airflow and prevents restriction of movement during the seizure. E. Place the child in a prone position: This is an incorrect action. Placing the child in a prone (face-down) position during a seizure can increase the risk of airway obstruction and make it more difficult for the child to breathe. Instead, the child should be placed on their side (recovery position) to help maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration if vomiting occurs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Influenza: The influenza vaccine is typically administered annually starting at 6 months of age. It helps protect against seasonal influenza viruses and is usually recommended during the fall or winter months. Rotavirus: The rotavirus vaccine is routinely administered to infants starting at 2 months of age, with additional doses given at 4 and 6 months of age. It helps prevent rotavirus infection, which can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR): The MMR vaccine is typically administered around 12-15 months of age, with a second dose given at 4-6 years of age. It helps protect against measles, mumps, and rubella, which are contagious viral infections that can cause serious complications. Varicella (VAR): The varicella vaccine, also known as the chickenpox vaccine, is usually administered around 12-15 months of age, with a second dose given at 4-6 years of age. It helps prevent chickenpox, a highly contagious viral infection characterized by a rash and fever.