A client with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed dulaglutide. The nurse should monitor for which potential adverse effect?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Nausea.' Dulaglutide, a medication commonly used in the management of type 2 diabetes, can lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea. While hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are potential concerns in diabetes management, they are not typically associated with dulaglutide use. Pancreatitis is a serious adverse effect of some diabetes medications, but it is not a common side effect of dulaglutide.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and constipation management, the nurse would recommend bulk-forming laxatives (Option B) to prevent constipation to a patient. Bulk-forming laxatives work by increasing the bulk and water content of the stool, which promotes peristalsis and eases defecation. They are considered the safest and most natural way to relieve constipation, as they mimic the action of dietary fiber. Stimulant laxatives (Option A) work by directly stimulating the intestinal lining, which can lead to dependence and should not be used as a first-line treatment for constipation due to their potential side effects. Emollient laxatives (Option C), also known as stool softeners, work by allowing more water to be absorbed into the stool, making it easier to pass. However, they are not typically recommended for preventing constipation but rather for managing it once it occurs. Hyperosmotic laxatives (Option D) work by drawing water into the colon, softening the stool and promoting bowel movements. While they are effective for treating constipation, they are not usually the first choice for prevention due to their mechanism of action. Educationally, understanding the different classes of laxatives and their mechanisms of action is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when recommending treatments to patients. It is essential to consider the patient's specific needs, medical history, and potential side effects of each type of laxative when determining the most appropriate treatment for constipation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Muscle cramps. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by increasing urine production, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, particularly a decrease in potassium levels. Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, can result in muscle cramps. This side effect is more commonly experienced by individuals taking furosemide. Option A) Difficulty starting urination is less likely because furosemide is a diuretic that increases urine output rather than causing difficulty in urination. Option B) Nosebleeds are not a common side effect of furosemide. Nosebleeds are more commonly associated with conditions like hypertension or blood clotting disorders. Option D) Visual disturbances are not typically linked to furosemide use. Visual disturbances are more commonly associated with medications that affect the eyes or optic nerve. In an educational context, it is essential for students to understand the pharmacological effects of medications like furosemide. By knowing the common side effects, students can anticipate and manage potential complications in patients receiving this medication. Understanding the rationale behind each side effect can help students develop critical thinking skills when assessing and caring for patients on furosemide therapy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct information to include in the medication teaching plan for a client receiving metronidazole for Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis is to avoid alcohol consumption. Metronidazole can cause a disulfiram-like reaction when combined with alcohol, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, flushing, and headache. Therefore, it is crucial for the client to abstain from alcohol while taking this medication to prevent adverse effects and ensure treatment effectiveness.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: To assess the effectiveness of the medication for anemia in a client with CKD, monitoring hemoglobin levels is crucial. Hemoglobin levels serve as a direct indicator of the response to treatment and improvement in the condition. An increase in hemoglobin level to 12 grams/dL suggests that the medication is effectively addressing the anemia associated with CKD.