What is the role of the progesterone hormone?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Progesterone hormone's role includes stimulating the development of the nipple and duct system in the breast. This hormone is crucial for preparing the breast for potential pregnancy by promoting the growth of structures necessary for milk production. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because progesterone primarily focuses on preparing the breast for lactation rather than directly stimulating milk storage, relaxin secretion, or glandular tissue development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, pethidine, also known as meperidine, is primarily used for pain relief, making option B the correct answer. Pethidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to alleviate moderate to severe pain. It is commonly used in labor and delivery to manage pain during childbirth. Option A, relieving constriction ring, is incorrect as pethidine is not indicated for this purpose. Pethidine's main function is pain relief, not addressing anatomical issues like a constriction ring. Option C, affecting milk production, is also incorrect. Pethidine does not significantly impact milk production. Opioids like morphine can reduce milk production, but pethidine's primary role is pain management. Option D, inducing labor, is not the primary purpose of pethidine. While some opioids like oxytocin can induce labor, pethidine is not typically used for labor induction due to its effects on the newborn and the potential for respiratory depression in the infant. Understanding the specific pharmacological actions and indications of pethidine is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in obstetrics and gynecology. By choosing the correct answer, healthcare providers can ensure safe and effective pain management for their patients during labor and delivery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: At 3-4 weeks of pregnancy, breast changes commonly involve tenderness due to hormonal fluctuations. Darkening of the nipple (Choice A) typically occurs later in pregnancy. Prickling, tingling sensations (Choice B) are more associated with early pregnancy due to increased blood flow to the breast area. Colostrum production (Choice D) usually begins later in pregnancy, closer to the end of the third trimester.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During the 34-40 weeks of pregnancy, Montgomery's tubercles become prominent. These are sebaceous glands on the areola, not the nipples. Choice A is incorrect as it describes the changes in nipples, not Montgomery's tubercles. Choice B is incorrect as colostrum production usually starts around the 16th week. Choice C is incorrect as breast tenderness is more common in early pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Incomplete abortion is characterized by an open os, which means that the cervix is dilated, allowing for passage of tissue. This condition typically presents with heavy bleeding as parts of the products of conception are expelled. Severe cramping may also be present due to uterine contractions. Therefore, the correct characteristic of incomplete abortion is an open os (Choice B). Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as heavy bleeding and severe cramping are symptoms associated with incomplete abortion, but they do not specifically define it, and light bleeding is not characteristic of incomplete abortion.