What is included in the Quality of Care in reproductive health?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Quality of care in reproductive health encompasses ensuring accessible services, privacy, confidentiality, and continuity of care. These elements are crucial in providing comprehensive and effective reproductive health services. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately address the holistic approach required for quality reproductive health care. Providing services only in urban areas limits accessibility, mandating hospital deliveries may not be suitable for all women, and restricting services to doctors only disregards the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach in reproductive health care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Zygote. A zygote is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. It is the initial stage of prenatal development. Choice B, Embryo, refers to the stage of prenatal development after the zygote and before the foetus. Choice C, Foetus, is the stage of prenatal development after the embryo. Choice D, Pregnancy, is a broader term referring to the condition of having a developing baby in the uterus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prolactin. Prolactin levels are not typically elevated in patients with PCOS. Elevated LH and androgens are commonly seen in PCOS patients. While estrogen levels can vary in PCOS, they are not consistently low or high in all cases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vulva. The external organs of the female reproductive system, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, and Bartholin's glands, are collectively known as the vulva. Choice B, Frenulum, is incorrect as it refers to a small band of tissue. Choice C, Mons veneris, specifically refers to the rounded mass of fatty tissue located over the pubic bone, not all external female reproductive organs. Choice D, Vestibule, is incorrect as it is the space enclosed by the labia minora that includes the vaginal and urethral openings, not all external female reproductive organs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The secretory phase is not considered a distinct phase of the menstrual cycle; it is actually part of the luteal phase. During the luteal phase, the endometrium thickens due to progesterone secretion, preparing for implantation. The follicular phase is characterized by follicle development, leading to ovulation. The ovulatory phase is when the mature egg is released from the ovary. Therefore, the secretory phase is the correct answer as it is not a standalone phase but a part of the luteal phase.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metrorrhagia refers to irregular menstrual bleeding that occurs between periods. Cervical carcinoma, a type of cancer that develops in the cervix, can lead to metrorrhagia. Uterine polyps, which are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus, can also cause abnormal bleeding. While infections like Chlamydia can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, they are not common causes of metrorrhagia. Cervical endometriosis, although a possible gynecological condition, is not a typical cause of metrorrhagia. Therefore, the correct answer is cervical carcinoma as it is a known cause of metrorrhagia, making the other options incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'by providing adequate information and counseling.' Respecting clients' rights to informed consent involves ensuring that patients are adequately informed about the procedures they will undergo. This includes providing them with all necessary information and counseling to make an informed decision. Choice B is incorrect because forcing patients to sign consent forms does not ensure that they are fully informed or that their rights are respected. Choice C is incorrect as involving a senior medical superintendent to sign consent forms does not guarantee that patients are adequately informed. Choice D is incorrect because simply telling the patient to sign the consent form does not fulfill the requirement of providing adequate information for informed consent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardinal ligament. The cardinal ligament is a primary uterine support structure that helps to anchor the uterus in place. The suspensory ligament also provides support for the uterus but is not considered a subsidiary uterine support. The transcervical ligament does not exist in anatomical terminology. The Maklouf ligament is a fictitious term and not recognized as a subsidiary uterine support structure.