Mrs. Banda is a patient at the ward with complaints of light menstrual periods, which occur at intervals greater than 35 days. Your diagnosis will be:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct diagnosis for Mrs. Banda's condition is Oligomenorrhea. Oligomenorrhea is characterized by light menstrual periods occurring at intervals longer than 35 days. Choice B, Menorrhagia, refers to abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding. Choice C, Metrorrhagia, is bleeding at irregular intervals, and Choice D, Polymenorrhea, involves menstrual cycles occurring at intervals shorter than 21 days.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Menopause can lead to changes in the urinary tract, such as decreased estrogen levels, which can increase the likelihood of urinary tract infections. While menopause can impact various aspects of health, including bone density and heart health, it is not directly linked to conjunctivitis, colitis, or an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A fetus is considered viable after 37 weeks of gestation. At this stage, the fetus has a higher chance of surviving outside the womb with medical support. Choice A (26 weeks), Choice B (28 weeks), and Choice D (12 weeks) are incorrect because a fetus is not typically considered viable at those earlier gestational ages.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 9 and 15 years. The first menstrual period, also known as menarche, typically occurs between the ages of 9 and 15 years. This age range aligns with the normal onset of puberty in females, during which hormonal changes trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of the reproductive system. Option B) 2 and 10 years is incorrect because menarche rarely occurs as early as 2 years old. Puberty usually begins around 8-13 years old, making the range of 2-10 years too early for the first menstrual period. Option C) 1 and 5 years is also incorrect as menarche does not typically occur before the age of 9. Starting menstruation at 1-5 years old would be extremely rare and not in line with normal physiological development. Option D) 18 and 20 years is incorrect because menarche usually occurs before the age of 18. While the age of menarche can vary among individuals, most females will have their first menstrual period before reaching 18 years old. Understanding the typical age range for menarche is important in reproductive health education. It helps individuals and healthcare providers recognize normal development and identify potential issues if menstruation does not occur within the expected age range. By knowing when to expect menarche, individuals can better manage their reproductive health and seek appropriate medical advice if needed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Patients undergoing gynecological surgery are typically advised to be nil by mouth for 4-6 hours before the procedure to reduce the risk of aspiration. This duration allows the stomach to empty its contents, decreasing the likelihood of regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents during surgery. Choices A, B, and D have shorter durations and may not provide sufficient time for adequate gastric emptying, increasing the risk of aspiration.