Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Kidney/renal system

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the kidneys increase in size, the pelvis dilates, ureters elongate and dilate, and the glomerular filtration rate increases. This is due to the increased metabolic demands and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as the kidneys do not decrease in size, and the glomerular filtration rate actually increases. Choice C is incorrect as there are changes in kidney size and ureter function during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as the kidneys do not shrink during pregnancy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Western blot and ELISA. Western blot and ELISA are commonly used techniques in the detection of HIV/AIDS. Western blot is used to confirm the presence of HIV antibodies in a patient's blood after an initial positive ELISA test. Northern blotting is a technique used for RNA analysis, not for detecting HIV/AIDS (Choice A). Immunoblotting is another term for Western blotting, so Choice B is incorrect. Southern blotting is used for DNA analysis, not for detecting HIV/AIDS (Choice D).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During puberty, boys experience physical changes such as growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle development. These changes are primarily driven by the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Therefore, the correct answer is testosterone. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because prolactin, adrenaline, and estrogen do not play a significant role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: After a tubectomy procedure, the Fallopian tube remains blocked. This is the correct answer because tubectomy involves the surgical blocking or sealing of the Fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus, thus preventing pregnancy. Choice B, the cervix, is incorrect as it is not blocked during a tubectomy. Choice C, the uterine cavity, is also incorrect as the procedure does not involve blocking this part of the reproductive system. Choice D, none, is incorrect as the purpose of tubectomy is to block the Fallopian tubes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Amniocentesis involves the analysis of the fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid, which is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus. This fluid contains cells shed by the fetus, which can be cultured and analyzed to obtain a karyotype, providing information about the fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chorionic villus sampling involves obtaining a sample of the chorionic villi from the placenta, not the amniotic fluid; umbilical cord blood sampling is typically used for other purposes like assessing the baby's blood for infections or genetic disorders; and ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that does not involve the analysis of fetal cells for genetic information.