A 49-year-old female client arrives at the clinic for an annual exam and asks the nurse why she becomes excessively diaphoretic and feels warm during nighttime. What is the nurse's best response?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The symptoms described by the client, excessive diaphoresis and feeling warm at night, are characteristic of perimenopause. During this period, lower estrogen levels lead to surges in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in vasomotor instability, night sweats, and hot flashes. Therefore, discussing perimenopause and related comfort measures with the client is essential to provide education and support. Choice A is incorrect because explaining the effects of FSH and LH alone does not directly address the client's current symptoms. Choice C is irrelevant as it focuses on assessing lung fields and cough symptoms, which are not related to the client's menopausal symptoms. Choice D is not the best response as it is more focused on ruling out fever as a cause, which is not typically associated with the symptoms described by the client.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The best response for the nurse to provide is option C, as it highlights a key advantage of a preferred provider organization (PPO) insurance plan. By stating that an individual may select healthcare providers from outside of the PPO network, the nurse emphasizes the flexibility and freedom of choice that PPO plans offer. This feature allows individuals to seek care from providers who are not part of the PPO network, albeit at a higher cost. Option A is incorrect because both PPO and HMO plans allow the selection of healthcare providers, although with different restrictions. Option B is incorrect as PPO plans typically offer a larger selection of healthcare providers compared to HMO plans. Option D is incorrect as membership in a PPO usually requires affiliation with a group, such as through employment or membership in an organization.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct response for the nurse to provide is option B) "Most lumps are benign, but it is always best to come in for an examination." This response is appropriate because it acknowledges the client's concern, provides reassurance about the common benign nature of breast lumps, and emphasizes the importance of seeking professional evaluation to rule out any serious conditions like breast cancer. Option A is incorrect because waiting for a month can delay potential diagnosis and treatment if the lump is indeed concerning. Option C, while attempting to reassure the client, downplays the importance of seeking medical evaluation. Option D is incorrect because menstrual period timing does not prohibit breast self-examinations, and it is important to encourage regular breast self-awareness regardless of the menstrual cycle. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to empower clients to take charge of their health by promoting early detection practices like breast self-exams and seeking medical evaluation for any concerning findings. Providing accurate information and support can help alleviate anxiety and promote proactive health behaviors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of an elderly client admitted with bacterial pneumonia, the correct answer is D) Confusion and tachycardia. This is because confusion and tachycardia are common signs and symptoms of pneumonia in the elderly population. Confusion can be a result of hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs, while tachycardia can occur as the body tries to compensate for the decreased oxygen levels. Option A) Leukocytosis and febrile are more general signs of infection and inflammation, which can be present in pneumonia but are not as specific to pneumonia in the elderly. Option B) Polycythemia and crackles are not typically associated with pneumonia. Polycythemia refers to an increase in red blood cells, which is not a common finding in pneumonia. Crackles may be present in pneumonia but are not as specific to the elderly population. Option C) Pharyngitis and sputum production are more commonly seen in conditions like upper respiratory tract infections or bronchitis, rather than bacterial pneumonia. In an educational context, it is important for nursing students to understand the specific signs and symptoms of pneumonia in the elderly population as they are at higher risk for complications. Recognizing these signs early on can lead to prompt interventions and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Post-menopausal females are at risk for osteoporosis due to the cessation of estrogen secretion. While genetics can play a role, osteoporosis is not solely a genetic disease. Increasing calcium intake, along with vitamin D supplementation and weight-bearing exercise, can help prevent further bone loss by slowing down calcium loss from bones. Estrogen replacement therapy is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment for osteoporosis due to associated risks. Corticosteroid treatment is not typically used as a primary treatment for osteoporosis.