A 20-year-old female client calls the nurse to report a lump she found in her breast. Which response is the best for the nurse to provide?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct response for the nurse to provide is option B) "Most lumps are benign, but it is always best to come in for an examination." This response is appropriate because it acknowledges the client's concern, provides reassurance about the common benign nature of breast lumps, and emphasizes the importance of seeking professional evaluation to rule out any serious conditions like breast cancer. Option A is incorrect because waiting for a month can delay potential diagnosis and treatment if the lump is indeed concerning. Option C, while attempting to reassure the client, downplays the importance of seeking medical evaluation. Option D is incorrect because menstrual period timing does not prohibit breast self-examinations, and it is important to encourage regular breast self-awareness regardless of the menstrual cycle. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to empower clients to take charge of their health by promoting early detection practices like breast self-exams and seeking medical evaluation for any concerning findings. Providing accurate information and support can help alleviate anxiety and promote proactive health behaviors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Post-menopausal females are at risk for osteoporosis due to the cessation of estrogen secretion. While genetics can play a role, osteoporosis is not solely a genetic disease. Increasing calcium intake, along with vitamin D supplementation and weight-bearing exercise, can help prevent further bone loss by slowing down calcium loss from bones. Estrogen replacement therapy is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment for osteoporosis due to associated risks. Corticosteroid treatment is not typically used as a primary treatment for osteoporosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: During an ophthalmoscopic examination, the client should focus on a distant object behind the examiner to dilate the pupil, and the examiner should stand at a distance of 12-15 inches away and slightly to the side. This angle allows for better visualization of the retina. Holding the ophthalmoscope firmly against the examiner's face and shining the light into the client's pupil helps examine the retina effectively. Choice A is incorrect because the client should look at a distant object, not the examiner's nose. Choice B is incorrect as the ophthalmoscope should be directed towards the client's eye, not the examiner's eye. Choice D is incorrect because keeping the ophthalmoscope at least 3 inches away may not provide an optimal view of the retina.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Parkinson's Disease, a common neurologic progressive disorder in older clients, is characterized by symptoms such as shuffling gait, masklike facial expression, and tremors of the head and hands. Choice A is incorrect as symptoms like loss of short-term memory, facial tics, and constant writhing movements are not typically associated with Parkinson's disease. Choice C is incorrect as extreme muscular weakness, easy fatigability, and ptosis are more indicative of other conditions like myasthenia gravis. Choice D is incorrect as numbness of the extremities, loss of balance, and visual disturbances are not classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Difficulty in handwriting is a common early sign of hepatic encephalopathy. Changes in handwriting can indicate progression or reversal of hepatic encephalopathy leading to coma. Choice (A) is a sign of ascites, not hepatic encephalopathy. Hypertension and a bounding pulse (Choice B) are not typically associated with hepatic encephalopathy. Decreased bowel sounds (Choice C) do not directly indicate an increase in serum ammonia level, which is the primary cause of hepatic encephalopathy.