What is the meaning of the word "pulses" as it appears in the first paragraph?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of the passage, "pulses" refers to the edible seeds produced by legumes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cancer is not mentioned as a risk associated with inadequate sleep in the passage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Incontinence.' The passage discusses the negative consequences of spanking in childhood, such as increased aggression, delinquent behavior, and future sexual problems like coercive sex. However, incontinence is not mentioned as a possible result of being spanked. Therefore, it is the correct choice. Choices A, B, and C are all supported by the passage, making them incorrect answers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this context, 'established' means 'founded' or set up for a long time. The word is used to indicate that phototherapy has been a recognized and in place form of medicine for over a century. 'Created' (choice A) is incorrect as it implies the initial invention of phototherapy, which is not the intended meaning here. 'Ascertained' (choice B) means to find out for certain, which does not match the context of how phototherapy has been practiced. 'Reputable' (choice D) means having a good reputation, which is not the same as being long-standing or founded.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Untreated jaundice may cause brain damage.' This statement is a fact supported by the passage. Neonatal jaundice, if left untreated, can lead to brain damage due to excess bilirubin levels in the blood. Choice A is not a fact but a general guideline for nurses. Choice C is an opinion as it describes phototherapy blankets as valuable without citing a specific fact. Choice D is not a fact but a recommendation, advising to avoid neonatal units lacking phototherapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The author presents a positive view of vegetarianism, citing benefits and supporting evidence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The main idea of the passage is that lack of adequate sleep is becoming a major national health problem.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The passage suggests that a vegetarian diet can provide sufficient protein and lower body fat, heart disease risk, and cholesterol, but it does not suggest that it lowers the need for protein.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Based on the provided extract, sleeping helps with fatigue, memory, and learning. The passage mentions how a nap can refresh the brain, improve the ability to learn and remember, and enhance memory. However, the extract does not mention anything about sleeping helping with appetite. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Choices A, B, and C are supported by the content of the passage, emphasizing the positive effects of sleep on fatigue, memory, and learning.