What can stop the penetration of beta radiation particles?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Beta radiation particles are high-energy, fast-moving electrons or positrons. Aluminum foil is effective in stopping beta radiation due to its ability to absorb and block these particles. When beta particles interact with the aluminum foil, they lose energy and are absorbed, preventing their penetration. Plastic and glass are not as effective as aluminum foil in stopping beta radiation. While concrete provides some shielding against beta particles, aluminum foil is a more suitable material for this purpose as it offers better absorption and blocking capabilities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Gamma radiation is highly penetrative and requires dense materials to block it effectively. While aluminum foil and glass are not sufficient to stop gamma radiation, several feet of concrete is needed due to its high density and ability to absorb gamma radiation effectively. A piece of paper is too thin and lacks the density required to block gamma radiation, making it an ineffective shield.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ionic & covalent. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions attracted to each other. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Choice A is incorrect as hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force, not a primary type of chemical bonding. Choice C is incorrect as hydrogen bonding is not a primary type of chemical bonding. Choice D is incorrect as metallic bonding involves the sharing of electrons in a 'sea of electrons' within a metal lattice, not covalent bonding.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: An ionic bond forms when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions. The attraction between these oppositely charged ions creates an electrostatic bond, known as an ionic bond. Choice A, covalent bonds, involve the sharing of electrons, not the transfer. Choice B, metallic bonds, occur between metal atoms and involve a 'sea of electrons' that are delocalized. Choice D, hydrogen bonds, are much weaker interactions between hydrogen atoms and other electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In a single bond between two atoms, only one pair of electrons is shared. This is because a single covalent bond involves the sharing of two electrons, one from each participating atom. Therefore, option A (1) is the correct answer. Option B (2) is incorrect because two pairs of electrons shared between two atoms would form a double bond, not a single bond. Double bonds are characterized by the sharing of four electrons (two pairs). Option C (3) is incorrect as well because three pairs of electrons shared would indicate a triple bond, which is even stronger and involves the sharing of six electrons (three pairs) between the two atoms. Option D (4) is also incorrect as it suggests the sharing of four pairs of electrons, which is not characteristic of a single bond. Understanding the number of electron pairs shared in different types of chemical bonds is crucial in chemistry as it influences the strength and properties of the bond. This knowledge is fundamental in understanding molecular structures, reactivity, and various chemical processes.