What is the term for the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Blood pressure is the term for the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number). Heart rate (A) is the number of times the heart beats per minute, cardiac output (C) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and stroke volume (D) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction. Understanding blood pressure is crucial in assessing cardiovascular health and the risk of various conditions like hypertension.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bronchitis is the correct answer. It is the inflammation of the bronchi, which are the air passages in the lungs. Bronchitis typically presents with symptoms such as a persistent cough, mucus production, and sometimes difficulty breathing. Pneumonia, on the other hand, is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, not specifically the bronchi. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the gradual destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, resulting in breathing difficulties. Pleurisy refers to inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs and chest cavity, causing chest pain when breathing or coughing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renin is the hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function. It is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. Renin plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Insulin, testosterone, and estrogen do not directly impact blood pressure regulation through kidney function. Insulin is involved in regulating glucose metabolism, testosterone is a male sex hormone, and estrogen is a female sex hormone. Therefore, the correct answer is Renin (Choice C) because of its specific role in blood pressure regulation through kidney function.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Testosterone is the hormone crucial for stimulating sperm production in males. It is primarily produced in the testes and plays a significant role in the development of male reproductive tissues, including the testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair growth and deepening of the voice. Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle and other female reproductive functions. Insulin, on the other hand, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism, not directly related to sperm production in males.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Edema is the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. It occurs when excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. Anemia (A) is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells, leading to a reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood. Hypertension (C) is high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Diabetes (D) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body's resistance to insulin, leading to various complications.