Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the peer review process demands time and attention for a thorough evaluation by experts.
Choice A is incorrect because peer review does not guarantee acceptance of all papers; rather, it aims to assess the quality and validity of research.
Choice C is incorrect as peer review is not always a simple or straightforward task due to the detailed scrutiny involved.
Choice D is incorrect because peer review does not allow papers to be published instantly; instead, it involves a rigorous evaluation process before publication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this sentence, 'who' is the correct relative pronoun to refer to a person, John Smith. 'Who' is used for subjects, while 'whom' is used for objects. 'Which' is used for things or animals, and 'that' can refer to both people and things, but 'who' is the most appropriate choice here as it refers specifically to a person, John Smith, who is the one performing the action of photographing the landscape.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. 'Apology' transforms into 'apologize' when the suffix is added, changing the word from a noun to a verb. In this case, the suffix '-ize' is added to the noun 'apology' to form the verb 'apologize.'

Choices A, C, and D do not involve a transformation from a noun to a verb when a suffix is added. 'Biology' and 'biologist' are related but not in a noun-to-verb transformation. 'Happy' and 'happily' involve an adjective-to-adverb transformation. 'Mineral' and 'mineralogy' are related terms in the same field but do not show a noun-to-verb change.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: Email message starting with 'Dear Professor:'. In academic settings, it is essential to use formal and respectful language when addressing instructors. Starting the email with 'Dear Professor:' demonstrates professionalism and respect.
Choice A is too informal for a professional setting.
Choice B is vague and lacks the necessary level of formality.
Choice D showcases unprofessional behavior by not acknowledging missing the appointment until later.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. A comparison of the language used in two different Shakespeare plays should include citations to support the analysis. Citations are necessary in academic or analytical pieces to give credit to the original sources, especially when comparing specific works.

Choices B, C, and D do not require citations as they are more subjective or personal in nature.
Choice B, a news article, should be based on facts and not personal analysis.
Choice C is a personal opinion, and choice D is a personal essay based on the author's experiences and interests, where citations are not typically needed.