HESI RN Patho Pharmacology

Extract:

Question 1 of 5

How are Type IV hypersensitivity reactions different from all other types (I, II, or III) of hypersensitivity reactions?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated, unlike types I-III, which are antibody-mediated (
A). B-lymphocytes (
B) produce antibodies for I-III, not IV. Type IV requires sensitization, not first exposure (
C). Cytokine release (
D) occurs in IV but isn’t unique.

Question 2 of 5

After brain surgery, a male client is lethargic and is having difficulty talking. His blood pressure is 146/122 mm Hg and his urine specific gravity is 1.055. These findings are consistent with which pathophysiological response to intracranial surgery?

A. Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). C. Hypopituitarism. D. Septic shock.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: SIADH (
B) causes water retention, concentrated urine (high specific gravity, 1.055), and hyponatremia, leading to lethargy, speech difficulty, and hypertension from cerebral edema. ADH hyposecretion (
A) causes dilute urine. Hypopituitarism (
C) affects multiple hormones. Septic shock (
D) involves hypotension.

Question 3 of 5

The nurse admits a client with sepsis and has developed cool ecchymotic fingertips and toes. The healthcare provider determines that the client has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which findings support the pathophysiology of DIC?

A. Glucosuria and lethargy. B. Frothy urine and anorexia. C. Hematuria and hemoptysis. D. Polyuria and productive cough.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: DIC causes microthrombi and bleeding, leading to hematuria and hemoptysis (
C). Glucosuria/lethargy (
A) suggest diabetes. Frothy urine/anorexia (
B) indicate proteinuria. Polyuria/cough (
D) are unrelated.

Question 4 of 5

Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?

A. Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration. B. Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration. C. Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane. D. Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hemodialysis uses osmosis (water moves to higher solute concentration) and diffusion (solutes move to lower concentration) (
D) across a semipermeable membrane to remove waste/fluid. Solute movement to higher concentration (
A) is incorrect. Water movement (
B) is partial. Blood cells/proteins (
C) don’t pass the membrane.

Question 5 of 5

Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

A. An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output. B. A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume. C. An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility. D. A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased preload (end-diastolic volume) stretches myocardial fibers, enhancing contractility and stroke volume (
C). Increased afterload (
A) raises systolic pressure, not decreases it. Decreased afterload (
B) reduces hypertrophy. Decreased preload (
D) reduces fiber length, not increases it.

HESI RN Patho Pharmacology | Nurselytic

Nurselytic

HESI RN

HESI RN