HESI RN Patho Pharmacology

Extract:

Question 1 of 5

The nurse is triaging a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented to the emergency department with increased lethargy and Kussmaul respirations. A blood glucose test reveals a level of 525 mg/dL (28 mmol/L). Which laboratory results are consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: DKA involves metabolic acidosis; pH 7.25 and bicarbonate 10 mEq/L (
C) indicate acidosis and bicarbonate depletion. pH 7.5 and bicarbonate 32 (
A) suggest alkalosis. pH 7.42 and bicarbonate 18 (
B) are near normal. pH 7.38 and bicarbonate 29 (
D) are normal.

Question 2 of 5

A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client’s subjective report?

A. Blockage of retinal capillaries causing ischemic damage of the central macular area. B. Opaque spoke-like lines developing in the periphery of the lens to the center. C. Tears in the retina that detach from the lining of the posterior eyeball. D. An increase in intraocular pressure with loss of peripheral vision.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Blurry central vision suggests macular ischemia from blocked retinal capillaries (
A), as in diabetic retinopathy or vein occlusion. Opaque lens lines (
B) indicate cataracts, causing glare. Retinal tears (
C) cause floaters/shadows. Increased intraocular pressure (
D) is glaucoma, affecting peripheral vision.

Question 3 of 5

A client with chronic osteoarthritis is troubled by knee pain. Which pathophysiological process is contributing to the pain?

A. Inflammation results from deposition of crystals in the synovial space of joints producing irritation. B. Inflammation is caused by immune complex and autoantibody deposition in connective tissue. C. Joint inflammation occurs when chondrocyte injury destroys joint cartilage, producing osteophytes. D. Joint destruction happens due to an autoimmune inflammation involving IgG response to an antigen.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Osteoarthritis involves chondrocyte injury, cartilage loss, and osteophyte formation (
C), causing inflammation and pain. Crystal deposition (
A) indicates gout. Immune complex/autoantibody (
B) and autoimmune IgG (
D) describe rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 4 of 5

Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

A. An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output. B. A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume. C. An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility. D. A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased preload (end-diastolic volume) stretches myocardial fibers, enhancing contractility and stroke volume (
C). Increased afterload (
A) raises systolic pressure, not decreases it. Decreased afterload (
B) reduces hypertrophy. Decreased preload (
D) reduces fiber length, not increases it.

Question 5 of 5

Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?

A. Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration. B. Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration. C. Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane. D. Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hemodialysis uses osmosis (water moves to higher solute concentration) and diffusion (solutes move to lower concentration) (
D) across a semipermeable membrane to remove waste/fluid. Solute movement to higher concentration (
A) is incorrect. Water movement (
B) is partial. Blood cells/proteins (
C) don’t pass the membrane.

HESI RN Patho Pharmacology | Nurselytic

Nurselytic

HESI RN

HESI RN