HESI RN
HESI RN Patho Pharmacology Questions
Extract:
Question 1 of 5
A client is diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which pathophysiological process should the nurse use when providing the client with information about this disease prognosis?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ALS involves progressive motor neuron degeneration, causing fatal muscle weakness (
B), typically within 2-5 years. It’s not a spinal cord injury complication (
A). Mental changes (
C) occur in some, not all, cases. Sensory/autonomic changes (
D) are minimal.
Question 2 of 5
The nurse assesses the wound of a client who received sutures for a laceration of the hand two days ago. Which finding is a normal inflammatory response?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Redness and localized heat (
D) are normal inflammatory responses, indicating increased blood flow and immune activity. Shivering (
A) suggests systemic issues. Purulent drainage (
B) indicates infection. A temperature of 102°F (38.9°C, corrected from 37.8°
C) (
C) suggests infection, not normal healing.
Question 3 of 5
The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of otosclerosis due to previous ear surgeries. Which type of pathological hearing loss supports the client’s clinical history?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Otosclerosis causes conductive hearing loss (
B) by immobilizing the stapes, impairing sound transmission. Presbycusis (
A) is age-related sensorineural loss. Endolymphatic (
C) relates to Ménière’s disease. Sensorineural loss (
D) involves inner ear/nerve damage.
Question 4 of 5
A large tree fell across the thighs of a man who works as a logger, producing a crushing injury. The muddy ground cushioned the impact and x-rays revealed no broken bones. His thighs are bruised and swollen with pedal pulses present, but the left is stronger than the right. It is most important for the nurse to include in this client’s plan of care assessment for signs of which pathophysiological condition?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Compartment syndrome (
D) risks tissue damage from increased pressure post-crush injury, indicated by swelling, bruising, and unequal pulses. Neuropathy (
A) involves nerve damage, not acute swelling. Osteomyelitis (
B) requires bone infection. Fat embolism (
C) is less likely without fractures.
Question 5 of 5
Two days after admission for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an older client’s arterial blood gas (ABG) indicate an acid base imbalance. The client’s laboratory results reveal a low hemoglobin level, an elevated creatinine clearance, and decreased urine specific gravity. Which is the most likely cause for the acid base imbalance?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic renal insufficiency (
C) causes metabolic acidosis due to impaired acid excretion and bicarbonate regulation, consistent with low hemoglobin (anemia), elevated creatinine clearance (renal dysfunction), and low urine specific gravity (poor concentration). Prior MI (
A) is unrelated. Antacids (
B) don’t cause acidosis. Exertional dyspnea (
D) may cause respiratory acidosis, not metabolic.