HESI RN
HESI RN Patho Pharmacology Questions
Extract:
Question 1 of 5
In the kidney, where are the mechanisms found that are responsible for increasing urine concentration?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The loop of Henle (
D) creates a hypertonic medullary gradient via countercurrent multiplication, concentrating urine. Calyx (
A) and renal pelvis (
C) collect urine. Proximal tubule (
B) reabsorbs nutrients, not concentrates urine.
Question 2 of 5
A client’s morning laboratory test results include hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL (110 g/L) and hematocrit 34% (0.34 volume fraction). Based on these findings, this client is at risk for which pathophysiological findings?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Low hemoglobin and hematocrit (11.0 g/dL, 34%) indicate mild anemia, causing fatigue and weakness (
A) from reduced oxygen delivery. Dysrhythmias (
B) occur in severe anemia. Fever/infection (
C) are unrelated. Clotting time (
D) is unaffected by anemia.
Question 3 of 5
Two days after admission for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an older client’s arterial blood gas (ABG) indicate an acid base imbalance. The client’s laboratory results reveal a low hemoglobin level, an elevated creatinine clearance, and decreased urine specific gravity. Which is the most likely cause for the acid base imbalance?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic renal insufficiency (
C) causes metabolic acidosis due to impaired acid excretion and bicarbonate regulation, consistent with low hemoglobin (anemia), elevated creatinine clearance (renal dysfunction), and low urine specific gravity (poor concentration). Prior MI (
A) is unrelated. Antacids (
B) don’t cause acidosis. Exertional dyspnea (
D) may cause respiratory acidosis, not metabolic.
Question 4 of 5
The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of otosclerosis due to previous ear surgeries. Which type of pathological hearing loss supports the client’s clinical history?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Otosclerosis causes conductive hearing loss (
B) by immobilizing the stapes, impairing sound transmission. Presbycusis (
A) is age-related sensorineural loss. Endolymphatic (
C) relates to Ménière’s disease. Sensorineural loss (
D) involves inner ear/nerve damage.
Question 5 of 5
The development of atherosclerosis is a process of sequential events. Arrange the pathophysiological events in order of occurrence. Place the first event on top, and the last on the bottom.
Order the Items
Source Container
Correct Answer: A,D,C,E,B
Rationale: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and inflammation (
A), followed by macrophage LDL uptake forming foam cells (
D). Foam cells release growth factors (
C), prompting smooth muscle growth over fatty streaks, forming fibrous plaques (E). Plaques narrow vessels, causing ischemia (
B).