HESI RN Patho Pharmacology

Extract:

Question 1 of 5

Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hemodialysis uses osmosis (water moves to higher solute concentration) and diffusion (solutes move to lower concentration) (
D) across a semipermeable membrane to remove waste/fluid. Solute movement to higher concentration (
A) is incorrect. Water movement (
B) is partial. Blood cells/proteins (
C) don’t pass the membrane.

Question 2 of 5

In caring for an infant after circumcision, the nurse observes continued bleeding from the site and suspects hemophilia. Which hematological components are insufficient causing bleeding if hemophilia is present?

A. Deficiency of factors VIII or IX. B. Diminished amount of vitamin K. C. Decreased amount of platelets. D. Missing factors V and VII.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) or B (factor IX deficiency) (
A) impairs clotting, causing prolonged bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency (
B) affects factors II, VII, IX, X, not VIII. Low platelets (
C) cause thrombocytopenia, not hemophilia. Factors V and VII (
D) are unrelated.

Question 3 of 5

The nurse admits a client with sepsis and has developed cool ecchymotic fingertips and toes. The healthcare provider determines that the client has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which findings support the pathophysiology of DIC?

A. Glucosuria and lethargy. B. Frothy urine and anorexia. C. Hematuria and hemoptysis. D. Polyuria and productive cough.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: DIC causes microthrombi and bleeding, leading to hematuria and hemoptysis (
C). Glucosuria/lethargy (
A) suggest diabetes. Frothy urine/anorexia (
B) indicate proteinuria. Polyuria/cough (
D) are unrelated.

Question 4 of 5

Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

A. An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output. B. A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume. C. An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility. D. A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased preload (end-diastolic volume) stretches myocardial fibers, enhancing contractility and stroke volume (
C). Increased afterload (
A) raises systolic pressure, not decreases it. Decreased afterload (
B) reduces hypertrophy. Decreased preload (
D) reduces fiber length, not increases it.

Question 5 of 5

The development of atherosclerosis is a process of sequential events. Arrange the pathophysiological events in order of occurrence. Place the first event on top, and the last on the bottom.

Order the Items

Source Container

Arterial endothelium injury causes Inflammation.

Vessel narrowing results in ischemia.

Foam cells release growth factors for smooth muscle cells.

Macrophages consume low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creating foam cells.

Smooth muscle grows over fatty streaks creating fibrous plaques.

Correct Answer: A,D,C,E,B

Rationale: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and inflammation (
A), followed by macrophage LDL uptake forming foam cells (
D). Foam cells release growth factors (
C), prompting smooth muscle growth over fatty streaks, forming fibrous plaques (E). Plaques narrow vessels, causing ischemia (
B).

HESI RN Patho Pharmacology | Nurselytic

Nurselytic

HESI RN

HESI RN