HESI RN Patho Pharmacology

Extract:

Question 1 of 5

After brain surgery, a male client is lethargic and is having difficulty talking. His blood pressure is 146/122 mm Hg and his urine specific gravity is 1.055. These findings are consistent with which pathophysiological response to intracranial surgery?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: SIADH (
B) causes water retention, concentrated urine (high specific gravity, 1.055), and hyponatremia, leading to lethargy, speech difficulty, and hypertension from cerebral edema. ADH hyposecretion (
A) causes dilute urine. Hypopituitarism (
C) affects multiple hormones. Septic shock (
D) involves hypotension.

Question 2 of 5

What is the inherent rate of the AV (atrioventricular) node area?

A. 40 to 60. B. 20 to 40. C. 60 to 80. D. 80 to 100.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The AV node’s inherent pacemaker rate is 40-60 bpm (
A), slower than the SA node (60-100 bpm). 20-40 (
B) is too slow. 60-80 (
C) and 80-100 (
D) overlap with SA node rates.

Question 3 of 5

Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

A. An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output. B. A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume. C. An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility. D. A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased preload (end-diastolic volume) stretches myocardial fibers, enhancing contractility and stroke volume (
C). Increased afterload (
A) raises systolic pressure, not decreases it. Decreased afterload (
B) reduces hypertrophy. Decreased preload (
D) reduces fiber length, not increases it.

Question 4 of 5

The nurse is caring for an immobilized client who is at risk for breakdown in skin integrity. Which pathophysiological process should the nurse note early in the development of a pressure injury?

A. Epidermal fragility and skin excoriation with serous drainage. B. Hypodermal fluid accumulation and blister formation. C. Necrotic tissue, purulent exudate and eschar formation. D. Ischemic inflammatory response marked by erythemic skin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Early pressure injury involves ischemia and inflammation, causing erythematous skin (
D). Epidermal fragility (
A) is later. Blisters (
B) suggest friction. Necrosis/eschar (
C) indicates advanced stages.

Question 5 of 5

Which physiological process supports the exchange of blood concentrations across a semipermeable membrane in the hemodialysis?

A. Solute movement toward a solution with a higher concentration. B. Water movement toward a solution with a lower solute concentration. C. Blood cells and protein movement through the semipermeable membrane. D. Osmosis of water movement and diffusion of solute movement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hemodialysis uses osmosis (water moves to higher solute concentration) and diffusion (solutes move to lower concentration) (
D) across a semipermeable membrane to remove waste/fluid. Solute movement to higher concentration (
A) is incorrect. Water movement (
B) is partial. Blood cells/proteins (
C) don’t pass the membrane.

HESI RN Patho Pharmacology | Nurselytic

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HESI RN

HESI RN