HESI RN Patho Pharmacology

Extract:

Question 1 of 5

Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law states that increased preload (end-diastolic volume) stretches myocardial fibers, enhancing contractility and stroke volume (
C). Increased afterload (
A) raises systolic pressure, not decreases it. Decreased afterload (
B) reduces hypertrophy. Decreased preload (
D) reduces fiber length, not increases it.

Question 2 of 5

The school nurse is teaching a group of clients about how tobacco smoke causes lung cancer. Which pathophysiological process supports the risk of cancer from smoking?

A. Vasoconstrictive properties of nicotine reduce oxygenation and stimulate metabolism. B. Drug addiction changes the neurochemical messages in the brain causing cravings. C. Carcinogenic agents in tobacco alter cellular cytology, morphology, and function of the lung. D. Risk for comorbidities increase incidence of chronic diseases and decrease longevity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale:
Tobacco’s carcinogens (e.g., PAHs, nitrosamines) cause DNA damage, altering lung cell cytology and function (
C), leading to cancer. Nicotine’s vasoconstriction (
A) affects cardiovascular health. Addiction (
B) drives use, not cancer. Comorbidities (
D) are secondary.

Question 3 of 5

An adult client with extreme fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and bradycardia is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which laboratory findings is this client likely to exhibit?

A. Increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). B. Increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). C. Decreased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). D. Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypothyroidism involves decreased T3 and T4 with increased TSH (
C) as the pituitary compensates for low thyroid hormone. Increased T3/T4 with low TSH (
A) indicates hyperthyroidism. Increased T3/TSH (
B) is inconsistent. Decreased TSH/T3/T4 (
D) suggests secondary hypothyroidism.

Question 4 of 5

A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client’s subjective report?

A. Blockage of retinal capillaries causing ischemic damage of the central macular area. B. Opaque spoke-like lines developing in the periphery of the lens to the center. C. Tears in the retina that detach from the lining of the posterior eyeball. D. An increase in intraocular pressure with loss of peripheral vision.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Blurry central vision suggests macular ischemia from blocked retinal capillaries (
A), as in diabetic retinopathy or vein occlusion. Opaque lens lines (
B) indicate cataracts, causing glare. Retinal tears (
C) cause floaters/shadows. Increased intraocular pressure (
D) is glaucoma, affecting peripheral vision.

Question 5 of 5

The nurse is caring for a school-aged child with Burkitt lymphoma. A review of the child’s laboratory results reveal serum calcium 8.1 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L), serum potassium 6.1 mEq/L (6.1 mmol/L), and serum phosphorus 5.9 mg/dL (3.6 mmol/L). Which pathophysiological process is associated with the child’s laboratory results?

A. Wilm’s tumor. B. Tumor lysis syndrome. C. Superior vena cava syndrome. D. Hyperleukocytosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome (
B) causes hyperkalemia (potassium 6.1 mEq/L) and hyperphosphatemia (phosphorus 5.9 mg/dL) from rapid cancer cell breakdown, common in Burkitt lymphoma. Hypocalcemia (calcium 8.1 mg/dL) also occurs. Wilms tumor (
A) affects kidneys. Superior vena cava syndrome (
C) causes swelling. Hyperleukocytosis (
D) involves high WBCs.

HESI RN Patho Pharmacology | Nurselytic

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HESI RN

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